Herb of the Month ( November 2012 )
Annona Muricata ( Soursop / Guyabano / Durian Belanda )
The Cancer Fighter
Scientific Annona muricata
Synonym Annona sericea
English Brazilian pawpaw
Prickly custard apple
Soursop
Spanish Graviola
Phillipines Guyabano
Malay Durian Belanda
Taxonomy
Genus Annona
Family Annonaceae
Order Magnoliales
- Origin and Distribution
- Botanist Oviedo, in 1526, described the soursop as abundant in the West Indies and in northern South America. It is today found in Bermuda and the Bahamas, and both wild and cultivated, from sea-level to an altitude of 3,500 ft (1,150 m) throughout the West Indies and from southern Mexico to Peru and Argentina. It was one of the first fruit trees carried from America to the Old World Tropics where it has become widely distributed from southeastern China to Australia and the warm lowlands of eastern and western Africa.
It is common in the markets of Malaysia and southeast Asia. Very large, symmetrical fruits have been seen on sale in South Vietnam. It became well established at an early date in the Pacific Islands. The tree has been raised successfully but has never fruited in Israel. In Florida, the soursop has been grown to a limited extent for possibly 110 years.
In the southeastern part of the state and especially on the Florida Keys, it is often planted in home gardens. In regions where sweet fruits are preferred, as in South India and Guam, the soursop has not enjoyed great popularity. It is grown only to a limited extent in Madras. However, in the East Indies it has been acclaimed one of the best local fruits. In Honolulu, the fruit is occasionally sold but the demand exceeds the supply.
The soursop is one of the most abundant fruits in the Dominican Republic and one of the most popular in Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Bahamas, Colombia and northeastern Brazil. In 1887, Cuban soursops were selling in Key West, Florida, at 10 to 50 cents a piece. In 1920, Wilson Popenoe wrote that: "In the large cities of tropical America, there is a good demand for the fruits at all times of the year, a demand which is not adequately met at present." The island of Grenada produces particularly large and perfect soursops and regularly delivers them by boat to the market of Port-of Spain because of the shortage in Trinidad.
In Colombia, where the soursop is generally large, well-formed and of high quality, this is one of the 14 tropical fruits recommended by the Instituto Latinoamericano de Mercadeo Agricola for large-scale planting and marketing.
At the First International Congress of Agricultural and Food Industries of the Tropical and Subtropical Zones, held in 1964, scientists from the Research Laboratories of Nestle Products in Vevey, Switzerland, presented an evaluation of lesser-known tropical fruits and cited the soursop, the guava and passionfruit as the 3 most promising for the European market, because of their distinctive aromatic qualities and their suitability for processing in the form of preserved pulp, nectar and jelly. Varieties In Puerto Rico, the wide range of forms and types of seedling soursops are roughly divided into 3 general classifications: sweet, subacid, and acid; then subdivided as round, heart-shaped, oblong or angular; and finally classed according to flesh consistency which varies from soft and juicy to firm and comparatively dry.
The University of Puerto Rico's Agricultural Experiment Station at one time cataloged 14 different types of soursops in an area between Aibonito and Coamo. In El Salvador, 2 types of soursops are distinguished: guanaba azucaron (sweet) eaten raw and used for drinks; and guanaba acida (very sour), used only for drinks. In the Dominican Republic, the guanabana dulce (sweet soursop) is most sought after. The term "sweet" is used in a relative sense to indicate low acidity.
A medium-sized, yellow-green soursop called guanabana sin fibre (fiberless) has been vegetatively propagated at the Agricultural Experiment Station at Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. The foliage of this superior clone is distinctly bluish-green. In 1920, Dr. Wilson Popenoe sent to the United States Department of Agriculture, from Costa Rica, budwood of a soursop he named 'Bennett' in honor of G.S. Bennett, Agricultural Superintendent of the Costa Rican Division of the United Fruit Company. He described the fruit as large and handsome, and he declared the tree to be the most productive he had seen. The soursop tree may bear fruits anywhere on its trunk or branches. Multiple-stems of this tree are the result of its having been frozen to the ground more than once.
Benefits of Graviola ( Soursop ) Leaves
The leaves are large, shiny, dark green leaves that grow on the evergreen Graviola tree, which can be found in the rainforests of North and South America. While scientifically classified as annona muricata, graviola is also known by localized names such as guanabana, Brazilian paw paw and soursop. All of the parts of the graviola tree have been traditionally used for medicinal purposes, including its bark, roots, seeds, oil, fruit and leaves. Today, capsules and tinctures made with graviola leaf are often prescribed to help cure depression and cancer. It was most likely brought from Mexico to the Philippines by way of the Manila - Acapulco Galleon trade.
It is in the same genus as the chirimoya and the same family as the pawpaw.
The soursop is adapted to areas of high humidity and relatively warm winters; temperatures below 5 °C (41 °F) will cause damage to leaves and small branches, and temperatures below 3 °C (37 °F) can be fatal. The fruit becomes dry and is no longer good for concentrate.
- Research has shown that graviola contain chemicals called annonaceous acetogenins. These chemicals have been proven to have strong anti-parasitic, antimicrobial, insecticidal, and anti-tumurous properties. Annonaceous acetogenins are inhibitors of an enzyme found in cancerous cell tissue, and also block the transportation of ATP, which can help destroy multi-drug-resistance cancers.
Graviola Fruit
The fruits are 20 to 30 cm long. The green surface is prickly. The skin has a pattern of diamonds or squares, each with a soft bended thorn. Fruits can weigh up to over 2 kg. The taste of the fruit is slightly acidic (hence the name soursop) and can be compared with strawberry and pineapple mixed together. Inside the fruit is a white pulp with many seeds and fibrous membranes around pockets of flesh. The fruits contain vitamins C, B1 and B2.
HISTORY:
Graviola has a long rich history of use in herbal medicine as well as a long recorded indigenous use. In the Peruvian Andes, a leaf tea is used for catarrh and the crushed seed is used to kill parasites In the Peruvian Amazon the bark roots and leaves are used for diabetes and as a sedative and antispasmodic. Indigenous tribes in Guyana use a leaf and/or bark tea of Graviola as a sedative and heart tonic.
In the Brazilian Amazon, a leaf tea is used for liver problems and the oil of the leaves and unripe fruit is mixed with olive oil and used externally for neuralgia, rheumatism and arthritis pain. In Jamaica, Haiti and the West Indies, the fruit and/or fruit juice is used for fevers, parasites, as a lactagogue, and diarrhea; and the bark or leaves are used as an antispasmodic, sedative, and nervine for heart conditions, coughs, grippe, difficult childbirth, asthma, asthenia, hypertension and parasites.
Properties
Antibacterial, Anticancerous, Antiparasitic, Antitumorous, Antispasmodic, Astringent, Cytotoxic, Febrifuge, Hypotensive, Insecticide, Nervine, Pectoral, Piscicide, Sedative, Stomachic, Vasodilator, Vermifuge.
- Interactions overview
- None have been reported; however, graviola may potentiate antihypertensive and cardiac depressant drugs. It may potentiate antidepressant drugs and interfere with MAO-inhibitor drugs.
Precautions
- Graviola has demonstrated uterine stimulant activity in an animal study (rats) and should therefore not be used during pregnancy.
- Graviola has demonstrated hypotensive, vasodilator, and cardiodepressant activities in animal studies and is contraindicated for people with low blood pressure. People taking antihypertensive drugs should check with their doctors before taking graviola and monitor their blood pressure accordingly (as medications may need adjusting).
- Graviola has demonstrated significant in vitro antimicrobial properties. Chronic, long-term use of this plant may lead to die-off of friendly bacteria in the digestive tract due to its antimicrobial properties. Supplementing the diet with probiotics and digestive enzymes is advisable if this plant is used for longer than 30 days.
- Graviola has demonstrated emetic properties in one animal study with pigs. Large single dosages may cause nausea or vomiting. Reduce the usage accordingly if this occurs.
Phyto-Chemistry:
Acetaldehyde, Amyl-caproate, Amyloid, Annonain, Anomuricine, Anomuricinine, Anomurine, Anonol, Atherosperminine, Beta-sitosterol, Campesterol, Cellobiose, Citric-acid, Citrulline, Coclaurine, Coreximine, Dextrose, Ethanol, Folacin, Fructose, Gaba, Galactomannan, Geranyl-caproate Glucose, HCN, Isocitric-acid, Lignoceric-acid, Malic-acid, Manganese, Mericyl-alcohol, Methanol, Methyl-hex-2- enoate, Methyl-hexanoate, Muricine, Muricinine, Muricapentocin, Muricoreacin, Myristic-acid, P-coumaric-acid, Paraffin, Potassium-chloride, Procyanidin, Reticuline, Scyllitol, Stearic-acid, Stepharine, Stigmasterol, Sucrose, Tannin, Xylosylcellulose
Traditional Usage
Graviola has a long rich history of use in herbal medicine as well as a long recorded indigenous use. In the Peruvian Andes, a leaf tea is used for catarrh and the crushed seed is used to kill parasites In the Peruvian Amazon the bark roots and leaves are used for diabetes and as a sedative and antispasmodic. Indigenous tribes in Guyana use a leaf and/or bark tea of Graviola as a sedative and heart tonic.
In the Brazilian Amazon, a leaf tea is used for liver problems and the oil of the leaves and unripe fruit is mixed with olive oil and used externally for neuralgia, rheumatism and arthritis pain. In Jamaica, Haiti and the West Indies, the fruit and/or fruit juice is used for fevers, parasites, as a lactagogue, and diarrhea; and the bark or leaves are used as an antispasmodic, sedative, and nervine for heart conditions, coughs, grippe, difficult childbirth, asthma, asthenia, hypertension and parasites.
Different properties and uses are attributed to the different parts of the tree. Generally the fruit and juice is taken for worms and parasites, to cool fevers, to increase mother's milk after childbirth (lactagogue), and as an astringent for diarrhea and dysentery. The crushed seeds are used as a vermifuge and anthelmintic against internal and external parasites and worms. The bark, leaves and roots are considered sedative, antispasmodic, hypotensive and nervine and a tea is made for various disorders for those purposes.
Graviola leaves are used throughout the West Indies for their sedative or soporific properties and a decoction of the young shoots or leaves is regarded as a remedy for gall bladder trouble, as well as coughs, catarrh, diarrhea, dysentery and indigestion. In Ecuador leaves are taken as an analgesic and antispasmodic Mashed fresh leaves are used as a poultice to alleviate eczema and other skin afflictions and rheumatism, and the sap of young leaves is put on skin eruptions.
The juice of the ripe fruit is said to be diuretic and a remedy for hematuria and urethritis. Taken when fasting, it is believed to relieve liver ailments and leprosy. Pulverized immature fruits, which are very astringent, are decocted as a dysentery remedy. To draw out chiggers and speed healing, the flesh of an acid soursop is applied as a poultice unchanged for 3 days.
In the Netherlands Antilles, the leaves are put into one's pillowslip or strewn on the bed to promote a good night's sleep. An infusion of the leaves is commonly taken internally for the same purpose. It is taken as an analgesic and antispasmodic in Esmeraldas Province, Ecuador. In Africa, it is given to children with fever and they are also bathed lightly with it. A decoction of the young shoots or leaves is regarded in the West Indies as a remedy for gall bladder trouble, as well as coughs, catarrh, diarrhea, dysentery and indigestion; is said to "cool the blood," and to be able to stop vomiting and aid delivery in childbirth.
The decoction is also employed in wet compresses on inflammations and swollen feet. The chewed leaves, mixed with saliva, are applied to incisions after surgery, causing proudflesh to disappear without leaving a scar. Mashed leaves are used as a poultice to alleviate eczema and other skin afflictions and rheumatism, and the sap of young leaves is put on skin eruptions. Many bioactive compounds and phytochemicals have been found in Graviola as scientists have been studying its properties since the 1940's. Its many uses in natural medicine has been validated by this scientific research. The earliest studies were between 1941 and 1962.
Several studies by different researchers demonstrated that the bark as well as the leaves had hypotensive, antispasmodic, vasodilator, smooth muscle relaxant and cardiodepressant activities in animals. Researchers re-verified Graviola leaf's hypotensive properties in rats again in 1991. Several studies over the years have demonstrated that leaf, bark, root, stem and seed extracts of Graviola are antibacterial in vitro against numerous pathogens and that the bark has antifungal properties. Graviola seeds demonstrated active antiparasitic properties in a 1991 study, and a leaf extract showed to be active against malaria in two other studies in 1990 and 1993.
The leaves, root, and seeds of Graviola demonstrated insecticidal properties with the seed demonstrating strong insecticidal activity in a early 1940 study. In a new 1997 clinical study, novel alkaloids were found in Graviola fruit with anti-depressive effects in animals.
In an 1976 plant screening program by the National Cancer Institute, the leaves and stem of Graviola showed active cytotoxicity against cancer cells and researchers have been following up on this research ever since. Much of the research on Graviola focuses on a novel set of phytochemicals called annonaceous acetogenins. The potent antitumor, pesticidal and/or insect antifeedant properties of these annonaceous acetogenins have been reported and patented.
Graviola produces these natural compounds in leaf, bark and twig tissues, and they have be documented to possess both highly anti-tumor and pesticidal properties. Mode of action studies in three separate laboratories have recently determined that acetogenins are superb inhibitors of Complex I in mitochondrial electron transport systems from several organisms including tumors.
Research on various Annona species of plants has yielded many extremely potent acetogenins. Many of them have cytotoxicity with ED50 values as low as 10-9 ug/ml. Active compounds from Graviola and other Annona plants have been submitted to the NIH anti- AIDS screen by Purdue University and their work is continuing with a number of other active plant species in the Annona plant family.
Thus far, Purdue and/or its staff have filed at least 9 U.S. and/or international patents on their work around the antitumorous and insecticidal properties and uses of these acetogenins. Three separate research groups have isolated novel compounds in the seeds and leaves of Graviola which have demonstrated significant antitumorous, anticancerous and selective toxicity against various types of cancer cells, publishing 8 clinical studies on their findings.
One study demonstrated that an acetogenin in Graviola was selectively cytotoxic to colon adenocarcinoma cells in which it was 10,000 times the potency of adriamycin (a chemotherapy drug).
Cancer research is ongoing on Graviola, and four new studies were published in 1998 which further narrow down the specific phytochemicals which are demonstrating the strongest anticancerous and antiviral properties.
MODERN USES:
- Today, medications containing graviola leaf are prescribed to treat bacterial and fungal infections, parasites, worms, high blood pressure, stress, nervous disorders, and most commonly, depression and cancer. Graviola may interfere with cardiac depressant, antihypertensive and MAO inhibiting drugs, but these interactions are rare and usually not harmful. Capsules and tinctures made from graviola leaf have more powerful healing properties than unprocessed leaves.
Cancer
- Annonaceous acetogenins found in graviola leaf and other parts of the graviola plant have the ability to destroy cancerous cells without affecting healthy ones. While there has yet to be a patented cancer drug made from graviola, many patients and health professionals have included graviola as a supplement to their cancer therapy regiments.
Depression
- The graviola tree contains alkaloids that have been shown to reduce the affects of depression. These alkaloids inhibit the uptake of serotonin in the brain, which is responsible for controlling the level of happiness or joy a person feels. However, studies have suggested that these alkaloids may actually be detrimental to the nervous system, and have been linked to the development of Parkinson's disease.
SIDE EFFECTS OF GRAVIOLA
Make-up
- Graviola contains annonaceous acetogenins, which are powerful phytochemicals. These chemicals may attack cancer cells and improve circulation. Graviola contains both antibacterial and antifungal properties, which are benefits of the herb, but which may kill beneficial bacterial as well.
Counter - effects
- One major downfall of graviola is the possible interaction of it and any other medications you may be taking. For example, there is a potential interaction with antidepressants. Check with a physician before taking graviola, especially for drug interaction.
Cardiovascular
- Anyone with heart conditions, cardiac problems or people taking medications for blood pressure should avoid graviola. It has a known depressant effect on the cardiovascular system.
Pregnancy
- Graviola shouldn't be taken during pregnancy. Graviola can cause premature uterine contractions. It is recommended to avoid graviola if breastfeeding.
Vomiting
- A large dose of graviola may induce vomiting.
- Toxicity in seeds
- Annonacin is a neurotoxin found in Annona muricata seeds. The compound annonacin contained in the seeds of soursop is a neurotoxin and it seems to be the cause of a neurodegenerative disease.
- The only group of people known to be affected live on the Caribbean island of Guadeloupe and the problem presumably occurs with the consumption of plants containing annonacin. The disorder is a so-called tauopathy associated with a pathologic accumulation of tau protein in the brain.
- Experimental results demonstrated for the first time that the plant neurotoxin annonacin is responsible for this accumulation.
Muricinine is believed to be identical to reticuline. An unnamed alkaloid occurs in the leaves and seeds. The bark is high in hydrocyanic acid. Only small amounts are found in the leaves and roots and a trace in the fruit. The seeds contain 45% of a yellow non-drying oil which is an irritant poison, causing severe eye inflarnmation.
NUTRITIONAL VALUES IN FRUIT
Nutritional Value* Per 100g of edible portion
Calories 65
Protein 1.0 g
Fat 0.95g
Carbohydrates 16.5g
Fiber 3.2 g
Ash 58g
Calcium 10.3 mg
Phosphorus 26.9 mg
Potassium 270 mg
Iron 0.64 mg
Vitamin A 2 IU
Vitamin C 28.5 mg
Thiamine 0.10 mg
Riboflavin 0.06 mg
Niacin 1.3 mg
Tryptophan 11 mg
Methionine 8 mg
Lysine 60 mg
Other users
It is common in the markets of Malaysia and southeast Asia. Very large, symmetrical fruits have been seen on sale in South Vietnam. It became well established at an early date in the Pacific Islands. The tree has been raised successfully but has never fruited in Israel. In Florida, the soursop has been grown to a limited extent for possibly 110 years.
In the southeastern part of the state and especially on the Florida Keys, it is often planted in home gardens. In regions where sweet fruits are preferred, as in South India and Guam, the soursop has not enjoyed great popularity. It is grown only to a limited extent in Madras. However, in the East Indies it has been acclaimed one of the best local fruits. In Honolulu, the fruit is occasionally sold but the demand exceeds the supply.
The soursop is one of the most abundant fruits in the Dominican Republic and one of the most popular in Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Bahamas, Colombia and northeastern Brazil. In 1887, Cuban soursops were selling in Key West, Florida, at 10 to 50 cents a piece. In 1920, Wilson Popenoe wrote that: "In the large cities of tropical America, there is a good demand for the fruits at all times of the year, a demand which is not adequately met at present." The island of Grenada produces particularly large and perfect soursops and regularly delivers them by boat to the market of Port-of Spain because of the shortage in Trinidad.
In Colombia, where the soursop is generally large, well-formed and of high quality, this is one of the 14 tropical fruits recommended by the Instituto Latinoamericano de Mercadeo Agricola for large-scale planting and marketing.
At the First International Congress of Agricultural and Food Industries of the Tropical and Subtropical Zones, held in 1964, scientists from the Research Laboratories of Nestle Products in Vevey, Switzerland, presented an evaluation of lesser-known tropical fruits and cited the soursop, the guava and passionfruit as the 3 most promising for the European market, because of their distinctive aromatic qualities and their suitability for processing in the form of preserved pulp, nectar and jelly. Varieties In Puerto Rico, the wide range of forms and types of seedling soursops are roughly divided into 3 general classifications: sweet, subacid, and acid; then subdivided as round, heart-shaped, oblong or angular; and finally classed according to flesh consistency which varies from soft and juicy to firm and comparatively dry.
The University of Puerto Rico's Agricultural Experiment Station at one time cataloged 14 different types of soursops in an area between Aibonito and Coamo. In El Salvador, 2 types of soursops are distinguished: guanaba azucaron (sweet) eaten raw and used for drinks; and guanaba acida (very sour), used only for drinks. In the Dominican Republic, the guanabana dulce (sweet soursop) is most sought after. The term "sweet" is used in a relative sense to indicate low acidity.
A medium-sized, yellow-green soursop called guanabana sin fibre (fiberless) has been vegetatively propagated at the Agricultural Experiment Station at Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. The foliage of this superior clone is distinctly bluish-green. In 1920, Dr. Wilson Popenoe sent to the United States Department of Agriculture, from Costa Rica, budwood of a soursop he named 'Bennett' in honor of G.S. Bennett, Agricultural Superintendent of the Costa Rican Division of the United Fruit Company. He described the fruit as large and handsome, and he declared the tree to be the most productive he had seen. The soursop tree may bear fruits anywhere on its trunk or branches. Multiple-stems of this tree are the result of its having been frozen to the ground more than once.
Benefits of Graviola ( Soursop ) Leaves
- Research has shown that graviola contain chemicals called annonaceous acetogenins. These chemicals have been proven to have strong anti-parasitic, antimicrobial, insecticidal, and anti-tumurous properties. Annonaceous acetogenins are inhibitors of an enzyme found in cancerous cell tissue, and also block the transportation of ATP, which can help destroy multi-drug-resistance cancers.
Graviola Fruit
The fruits are 20 to 30 cm long. The green surface is prickly. The skin has a pattern of diamonds or squares, each with a soft bended thorn. Fruits can weigh up to over 2 kg. The taste of the fruit is slightly acidic (hence the name soursop) and can be compared with strawberry and pineapple mixed together. Inside the fruit is a white pulp with many seeds and fibrous membranes around pockets of flesh. The fruits contain vitamins C, B1 and B2.
Cancer
Depression
SIDE EFFECTS OF GRAVIOLA
Make-up
- Graviola contains annonaceous acetogenins, which are powerful phytochemicals. These chemicals may attack cancer cells and improve circulation. Graviola contains both antibacterial and antifungal properties, which are benefits of the herb, but which may kill beneficial bacterial as well.
Counter - effects - One major downfall of graviola is the possible interaction of it and any other medications you may be taking. For example, there is a potential interaction with antidepressants. Check with a physician before taking graviola, especially for drug interaction.
Cardiovascular
- Anyone with heart conditions, cardiac problems or people taking medications for blood pressure should avoid graviola. It has a known depressant effect on the cardiovascular system.
- Graviola shouldn't be taken during pregnancy. Graviola can cause premature uterine contractions. It is recommended to avoid graviola if breastfeeding.
Vomiting - A large dose of graviola may induce vomiting.
- Toxicity in seeds
- Annonacin is a neurotoxin found in Annona muricata seeds. The compound annonacin contained in the seeds of soursop is a neurotoxin and it seems to be the cause of a neurodegenerative disease.
- The only group of people known to be affected live on the Caribbean island of Guadeloupe and the problem presumably occurs with the consumption of plants containing annonacin. The disorder is a so-called tauopathy associated with a pathologic accumulation of tau protein in the brain.
- Experimental results demonstrated for the first time that the plant neurotoxin annonacin is responsible for this accumulation.
Muricinine is believed to be identical to reticuline. An unnamed alkaloid occurs in the leaves and seeds. The bark is high in hydrocyanic acid. Only small amounts are found in the leaves and roots and a trace in the fruit. The seeds contain 45% of a yellow non-drying oil which is an irritant poison, causing severe eye inflarnmation.
Fruit:
In the Virgin Islands, the fruit is placed as a bait in fish traps.
Seeds:
When pulverized, the seeds are effective pesticides against head lice, southern army worms and pea aphids and petroleum ether and chloroform extracts are toxic to black carpet beetle larvae. The seed oil kills head lice.
Leaves:
The leaf decoction is lethal to head lice and bedbugs.
Bark: The bark of the tree has been used in tanning. The bark fiber is strong but, since fruiting trees are not expendable, is resorted to only in necessity. Bark, as well as seeds and roots, has been used as fish poison.
Wood: The wood is pale, aromatic, soft, light in weight and not durable. It has been used for ox yokes because it does not cause hair loss on the neck. In Colombia, it is deemed to be suitable for pipestems and barrelstaves. Analyses in Brazil show cellulose content of 65 to 76%, high enough to be a potential source of paper pulp.
Traditional Practices:
The juice of the ripe fruit is said to be diuretic and a remedy for haematuria and urethritis. Taken when fasting, it is believed to relieve liver ailments and leprosy. Pulverized immature fruits, which are very astringent, are decocted as a dysentery remedy. To draw out chiggers and speed healing, the flesh of an acid soursop is applied as a poultice unchanged for 3 days.
In Africa, it is given to children with fever and they are also bathed lightly with it. A decoction of the young shoots or leaves is regarded in the West Indies as a remedy for gall bladder trouble, as well as coughs, catarrh, diarrhea, dysentery and indigestion; is said to "cool the blood," and to be able to stop vomiting and aid delivery in childbirth. The decoction is also employed in wet compresses on inflammations and swollen feet. The chewed leaves, mixed with saliva, are applied to incisions after surgery, causing proudflesh to disappear without leaving a scar.
Mashed leaves are used as a poultice to alleviate eczema and other skin afflictions and rheumatism, and the sap of young leaves is put on skin eruptions. The roots of the tree are employed as a vermifuge and the root bark as an antidote for poisoning. A tincture of the powdered seeds and bay rum is a strong emetic. Soursop flowers are believed to alleviate catarrh.
Terms and Conditions of Use and Important Information:
This information on the above herb is meant to supplement, not replace advice from your doctor or healthcare provider and is not meant to cover all possible uses, precautions, interactions or adverse effects.
The statements made on this website have not been evaluated by the FDA. These supplements mentioned are not intended to cure, treat, diagnose or prevent disease. The contents of this website are for informational purposes only.
Any information on uses and properties has been collected for your convenience, from reputable herbal texts and internet sources purely for historical, educational or informational purposes only. We can’t provide you with medical advice, personal dosage information, potential drug/herb reactions, or assistance with questions relating to injury, illness, etc. The information provided is not presented with the intention of diagnosing any disease or condition or prescribing any treatment. It is offered as information only, for use in the maintenance and promotion of good health in cooperation with a licensed practitioner.
Kelab Rakan-Rakan Herba KK Sabah does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment.
Information from this source for educational purpose, evidence-based and objective, and without commercial influence.
Site design and webmaster : Ganesan. T Questions or concerns can be directed to the webmaster at [email protected]
This information on the above herb is meant to supplement, not replace advice from your doctor or healthcare provider and is not meant to cover all possible uses, precautions, interactions or adverse effects.
The statements made on this website have not been evaluated by the FDA. These supplements mentioned are not intended to cure, treat, diagnose or prevent disease. The contents of this website are for informational purposes only.
Any information on uses and properties has been collected for your convenience, from reputable herbal texts and internet sources purely for historical, educational or informational purposes only. We can’t provide you with medical advice, personal dosage information, potential drug/herb reactions, or assistance with questions relating to injury, illness, etc. The information provided is not presented with the intention of diagnosing any disease or condition or prescribing any treatment. It is offered as information only, for use in the maintenance and promotion of good health in cooperation with a licensed practitioner.
Kelab Rakan-Rakan Herba KK Sabah does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment.
Information from this source for educational purpose, evidence-based and objective, and without commercial influence.
Site design and webmaster : Ganesan. T Questions or concerns can be directed to the webmaster at [email protected]